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Diversity, productivity and biomass are important drivers of the ecosystem. Optimization of the resource use is an important principle controlling ecosystem functions-the ruler. Individuals, populations, assemblies and ecosystem properties are always composed and rearranged along changing conditions to an optimal use of resources. In accordance with this concept, evolutionary, ecological and sociocultural processes influence the resource use and composition of the communities.
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We assume that there is a general trend in the resource use by life on earth, which trends toward an optimal or most parsimonious pattern. The sequence: resource existence, resource availability, resource use and optimization of the resource use, represents increasing complexity with a simultaneous decrease in our quantity of empirical evidence and understanding. We delineate and discuss the meaning of the Theory on Assembly Optimization (TAO), which we provide here. Humans as ecosystem engineers are key species with respect to the quantity of resources used and rebound effects on food webs, species diversity and cultural attitudes. Species diversity can increase by immigration and evolution and decrease by emigration and extinction. Productivity is the driver of recent conditions and biomass is storage the existence of each is a precondition for the other. We ask the question “is it possible to estimate the effects of human exploitation of ecosystems?” Under changing conditions the ecosystem is adapting the resource use permanently by adjusting the combination of its features. In most cases this has consequences for species diversity, which is often decreasing, but-depending on the spatial scale-sometimes also increasing. Humans influence ecosystem functions in various ways, with differential effects on biomass, productivity and species diversity. Resources are used by the species of the ecosystem, including migrating species, humans, and invasive species as they arrive. Every ecosystem is characterized by input, internal storage, internal cycling, and output of resources. Resources are stored in living and dead biomass and in the abiotic environment. All processes of life are controlled by resources. Resources represent capability, and enable processes such as growth, reproduction, social and cultural life.