Assessing a presidentĭuring his presidency, Donald Trump said that he "aced" a test called the Montreal Cognitive Assessment or MoCA. A retired professor, for example, may do well on cognitive tests despite a significant mental decline. It's also critical to measure a person's current cognitive performance against their performance earlier in life, Sha says. "We ask about depression and anxiety, we ask about medication." "We often ask about sleep because that can impair memory," Sha says. Part of the process of diagnosing a brain problem is ruling out other factors.
"Some people are reading too much into little snippets of interviews without really knowing what's going on behind the scenes," he says. An estimated 40% of people between 80 and 85 have either dementia, which makes independent living difficult, or what's known as mild cognitive impairment.īut diagnosing those conditions requires more than an hour of testing and a thorough history of someone's life, Tan says, not just watching a few seconds of a press conference. "Trying to remember that name of the restaurant that they were in last week or the name of the person that they met for coffee, that is not in itself a sign of dementia," Tan says, "but it's a sign of cognitive aging." A glitch or a problem?Īlzheimer's and other forms of dementia become more common with each passing decade. But in many older people, the brain's ability to quickly retrieve that information becomes less reliable. "As we age, that might diminish to something like six digits, but not zero."Ī healthy brain typically retains its ability to learn and store information. But it's less likely to make a difference to someone who is doing "an executive-level job, where there is a lot of support and a lot more time to do planning and decision making."Īnother cognitive change associated with age involves working memory, which allows us to keep in mind a password or phone number for a few seconds or minutes.Ī typical person in their 20s might be able to reliably hold seven digits in working memory, Sha says. That may be a problem for a race car driver or an airline pilot, Tan says. Slower processing means a person may take longer to respond to a question or make a decision. One reason for the decline is a decrease in the speed at which the brain processes information. "Even the so-called successful agers, if you measure their cognitive performance, you will see certain changes compared to their baseline," Tan says. But all brains lose a step or two with age.
Sharon Sha, a clinical professor of neurology at Stanford University.Ĭognitive changes are often associated with diseases like Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia. The temporary inability to remember names, in particular, "is very common as we get older," says Dr. A score of 26 or lower indicates dementia.Also, memory lapses become more common with age, even in people whose brains are perfectly healthy. The exam assesses attention, planning, memory and visual skills, all of which deteriorate in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. It also includes one of the best-known tests for early Alzheimer's disease - the clock test, in which patients are asked to draw an analog clock face. They are asked to recall a list of five words and repeat very short lists of numbers forward and backward.
Test-takers are also asked to copy a simple line sketch of a cube match the letter A to the number 1, the letter B to the number 2 and so on. The 30-point test includes drawings of a lion and a rhinoceros, which patients must name. Examples of the questions on the Moca Test. The White House medical team chose the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which was designed as a rapid screening tool for mild cognitive dysfunction - a loss of memory and clear thinking ability that sometimes precedes dementia. Trump is the first president to undergo the memory screening, Jackson said. Related: Trump insists he is a stable genius